Refer to the data in Exercise 9-4.

Required:

1. Compute overhead variances using a 2-variance analysis.

2. Compute overhead variances using a 3-variance analysis.

3. Illustrate how the 2- and 3-variance analyses are related to the 4-variance analysis.

Exercise 9-4

Young, Inc., uses a standard costing system and develops its overhead rates from the current annual budget. The budget is based on an expected annual output of 220,000 units requiring 1,100,000 direct labor hours. (Practical capacity is 1,210,000 hours.) Annual budgeted overhead costs total $962,500, of which $412,500 is fixed overhead. A total of 228,800 units using 1,188,000 direct labor hours was produced during the year. Actual variable overhead costs for the year were $572,000, and actual fixed overhead costs were $440,000.

Required:

1. Compute the fixed overhead spending and volume variances. How would you interpret the spending variance? Discuss the possible interpretations of the volume variance. Which is most appropriate for this example?

2. Compute the variable overhead spending and efficiency variances. How is the variable overhead spending variance like the price variances of direct labor and direct materials? How is it different? How is the variable overhead efficiency variance related to the direct labor efficiency variance?