13. A newspaper headline is: “Berries that prevent cancer”. 

The article underneath the headline lists some berries.

Does the headline make a correlational or a causal claim? Explain why you think this.

14. Many headlines from epidemiological studies, such as about nutrition, are later contradicted by subsequent research. Why is that?

15. Using an optical test, a restaurant assesses the amount of bacteria on employees’ hands when they leave work. Unfortunately, subsequent research finds that the optical test detected bacteria in only half of the cases where the employee truly had bacteria on their hands.

Write a sentence about the sensitivity or specificity of the optical test.

16. Parks have fairy-wrens when there’s bushes in the park, and that park did not have bushes last year. There must not have been any fairy-wrens last year.

16A. Rewrite as a syllogism, with premises and a conclusion.

16B. Is the park argument suppositionally inescapable? Explain your answer.